publications and glossary.
My Orcid ID is 0000-0002-0394-1880
On the occasion of a recent and long-awaited ruling on jurisdiction in the investigation and prosecution of documentary falsification of party membership forms, which also assumes the analysis of the meaning and scope of the latest reform of the law on financing of political parties (law 27,504) operated on 05/31/2019, the creation (by procedural route) of an authentic jurisdiction of political or criminal-electoral crime is re-analyzed. From this, we reflect on the substantial and procedural features that the matter called repressive electoral must observe.
§I. Introduction. A. Description of the jurisdictional act. §II. Thema decidendum of the ruling. §III. Thematic structure of the decision. B. Critical assessment of the jurisdictional act. §IV. Repressive electoral legal system. Scope and implications. §V. Procedural rules of Law 27,504. §VI. Incidents and projections in the jurisdictional organization. §VII Proposals for an integrated repressive electoral jurisdiction. §VIII Conclusions. §IX. Bibliography.
The legitimacy related to the categorization of illicit financing of political parties as a crime refers directly to the specific criminality that may eventually appear in some funding conducts, and the application of material resources related to the political activity. Specifying what is protected and what is the role of Criminal Law in electoral political activity implies analyzing and understanding a chain of concepts developed in Political Science (Stasiology), as well as in Constitutional, Electoral, and Criminal Laws. It is fundamental to establish clearly the protected legal right to categorize the crime of illicit financing of political parties. This study aims to approach, in a theoretical manner, what would be worthy of criminal protection in the context of the funding and application of economic and financial resources in political activity. The specific aimed contribution of this article is to establish the genuine object of protection that any criminal regulation on the matter should consider.
1. Introduction. §2. Brief reference to the legal asset as a legitimizing structure of legal-criminal intervention. §3. The legal right in the crime of illicit financing of political parties: state of the debate. §3.1. Institutionalist conception. §3.2. Patrimonial conception. §4. Normative conception: the specificity of the material illegality of the crime of illicit financing of political parties. §5. Summary by way of conclusions.
Ríos, L. D. (2022). “El bien jurídico en el delito de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos: una aproximación teórica a partir del caso argentino.» Revista Elecciones, 21(24), 69–98. https://doi.org/10.53557/Elecciones.2022.v21n24.02
14. Ríos, L. D. «Delitos y faltas electorales. Financiamiento ilícito de los partidos políticos.»
Esta monografía pretende sentar las bases para una teorización integral respecto de los delitos y las faltas electorales en el ordenamiento jurídico argentino, guiada por la urgente necesidad de sistematización, ordenación y crítica de los aspectos represivos en materia de criminalidad política, todavía analizados aislada y tangencialmente por la dogmática jurídica local.
Tras ese propósito se sugieren los conceptos y categorías generales con los cuales conviene abordar la materia punitiva y sancionatoria relativa a la participación democrática y sus anclajes, el binomio sistema de partidos políticos / elección. La descripción y explicación de esta diferencia conceptual, concentra el objeto de esta tesis doctoral y, a la vez, marca su estructura, su codificación y metodología.
De esta manera, se contribuye a una necesaria renovación del diálogo científico hacia el interior del sistema jurídico en los espacios del Derecho Constitucional, Electoral, Penal y Administrativo Sancionador como, asimismo, hacia su exterior o entorno con las Ciencias políticas, económicas, de la comunicación y la sociología.
Para la consecución de ese objetivo epistémico, entre otros, asumiremos el compromiso de la generalidad apoyados en el desarrollo y aplicación de un corpus conceptual explicitado, como estrategia para la evitación del uso fractal del lenguaje en el discurso jurídico y, a su vez, para mitigar la opacidad terminológica constatable en la materia electoral, penal y administrativa sancionatoria.
§ 1. Introducción
PRIMERA PARTE
«SISTEMA JURÍDICO ELECTORAL REPRESIVO» COMO ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO
§ 2.Delimitación del «sistema jurídico electoral represivo» (argentino)
§ 3.Legitimidad del «sistema jurídico electoral represivo»
§ 4.La diferencia entre delitos y faltas como distinción interna de la norma electoral represiva. Un posible modelo de validez
a) El clásico debate sobre la diferencia entre «delitos» y «faltas»
b) La diferencia entre delitos y faltas electorales como una cuestión de técnica constructiva
c) Las competencias legisferante y aplicativa sobre los delitos y las faltas electorales
d) La ubicación sistemática de los delitos electorales
§ 5.«Sistema jurídico electoral represivo» como teoría jurídica. Alcances e implicancias
SEGUNDA PARTE
SISTEMA DE PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS COMO DIMENSIÓN ORDINARIA DEL «SISTEMA JURÍDICO ELECTORAL REPRESIVO»
§ 6.Relaciones entre el derecho, la política y el capital. Ámbito problemático
a) El sistema de financiamiento de los partidos políticos. Concepto y funcionamiento
b) «Partidos Políticos». Concepto, funciones, tipos y modelos de financiamiento
c) Posibilidad y conveniencia de regular el financiamiento de los partidos políticos. «Concepciones normativas de democracia» (liberal): «modelo regulador-reformador» versus «modelo liberalizador-criminalizador»
§ 7.El «sistema jurídico electoral represivo» en función del «sistema de partidos políticos»
a) Merecimiento y necesidad de incriminar penalmente el financiamiento ilícito de los partidos políticos
b) La especificidad de la ilicitud (material) del delito de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos. El debate acerca del bien jurídico
c) El «sistema de partidos políticos» como bien jurídico protegido y el espacio constitucional de legitimación del delito de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos reconocido en los artículos 36 quinto párrafo y 38 primer párrafo de la Constitución Nacional
d) La atipicidad relativa de los delitos de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos. Análisis de relaciones concursales
1.Delitos contra la administración pública
2.Delitos contra la propiedad
3.Delitos contra el orden económico y financiero
4.Delitos contra el orden fiscal
5.Delitos contra la fe pública
6.Delitos contra el orden público
7.Balance integrador
§ 8.Regulación positiva del «sistema jurídico electoral represivo»
a) Estudio comparado de las tipificaciones del delito de financiamiento ilícito de los «partidos políticos»
1.España
2.Francia
3.Italia
4.Alemania
5.Chile
6.Guatemala
7.Colombia
8.Costa Rica
9.México
10.Valoración comparativa
b) Propuestas dogmáticas de tipificación autónoma del delito de financiamiento ilegal de partidos políticos
1.Propuestas de tipificación autónoma pura o simple
2.Delitos contra la administración públicaPropuesta de tipificación autónoma combinada o mixta
c) Posturas contrarias a tipificación autónoma del delito de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos
d) Lineamientos y condiciones óptimas de una regulación integral del financiamiento de los partidos políticos
1.Lineamientos de un modelo de financiamiento político óptimo
2.Lineamientos de una regulación administrativa sancionatoria óptima
3.Lineamientos de una regulación penal óptima
e) Propuesta de lege ferenda de tipificación autónoma —pura o simple— del delito de financiamiento ilícito de partidos políticos
§ 9.Responsabilidad jurídica de los partidos políticos en el «sistema jurídico electoral represivo»
a) Dimensiones de la personalidad jurídica de los partidos políticos en el «sistema jurídico electoral represivo»
b) Responsabilidad administrativa electoral de los partidos políticos como persona jurídico-política
c) Control ideológico de los partidos políticos
d) Responsabilidad penal de los partidos políticos como personas jurídicas públicas no estatales
e) Programas de integridad y «libertad de asociación-reunión-participación» / «democracia interna»
f) Condición de funcionario público de las autoridades de los «partido político». Debate
g) Responsabilidad penal de los partidos políticos por comportamiento malicioso o temerario (artículo 144 del Código Electoral Nacional)
h) «Sistema jurídico electoral represivo» y sus consecuencias jurídicas aplicables al «partido político»
TERCERA PARTE
«ELECCIONES» COMO DIMENSIÓN EXTRAORDINARIA DEL «SISTEMA JURÍDICO ELECTORAL REPRESIVO»
§ 10.El «sistema jurídico electoral represivo» en función del proceso electoral («elección»)
a) Delitos y faltas electorales. Propuesta de ordenación
b) «Derecho fundamental al sufragio»: «norma central bifronte» («sufragio/comicios»)
c) «Participación»: norma de flanqueo de aseguramiento y ampliación de la participación del electorado
1.Excurso: El derecho fundamental del sufragio y su obligatoriedad constitucional. Una posible fundamentación iusgarantista
d) «Equidad»: norma de flanqueo de equilibrio de las condiciones de competencia (comunicacional) de las distintas ofertas electorales
e) «Transparencia»: norma de flanqueo de control del financiamiento de los actores políticos intervinientes
CUARTA PARTE
CONCLUSIONES Y GLOSARIO
§ 11.Tesis (en forma de conclusiones)
§ 12.Glosario
§ 13.Bibliografía
Ríos, L. D. (2022). “Delitos y faltas electorales. Financiamiento ilícito de los partidos políticos”. 1ra. Ed. digital, 602 pp. Hammurabi Digital
This brief intellectual biography of Prof. Dr. José Luis Serrano Moreno serves as a preface to his work: “Sistemas Jurídicos. Líneas básicas para una teoría general” whose edition was in my care and aspires to facilitate a better understanding of his legal thought. This preliminary study also operates as an explanation of the genesis and originality of his ideas, which has more than justified the posthumous publication of an accessible text both for those who start in the study of law and for those who know it thoroughly.
§1. His project of scientific autonomy. §2. The classroom as constitutional space. §3. His lines of research. §4. From force and validity to legal systems. Basic lines for a general theory. §5. His interlocutors in the general theory and in the Philosophy of Law. §6. His research techniques. Commitment to interdisciplinarity. §7. His instrument. The cycle between the index, the text and the glossary. §8. His probable theoretical projections. §9. The mandate.
The paper articulates an introduction to the problem of illicit financing of political parties, structuring concepts, questions and hypotheses related to the phenomenon. In an axiomatic tone, this study paper argues in favor of the relevance and need for analysis in a subject that is still scarcely investigated in the legal field.
§1. Initial concepts. §2. capital questions. 2.1. What is the political party financing system and how does it work? 2.2. Is it possible and convenient to regulate the financing of political parties? 23. What is the legitimacy of the «repressive electoral legal system»? What do crimes and electoral offenses protect? 2.4. Is it deserved and necessary to penalize the illicit financing of political parties? 2.5. What is the specificity of the (material) illegality of the crimes of illicit financing of political parties? 2.6. How has it been regulated in comparative law? 2.7. What are the dogmatic proposals for autonomous regulation of the crime of illicit financing of political parties? 2.8. What are the optimal guidelines and conditions for a comprehensive regulation of the financing of political parties? §3. Falsifiable thesis of the crime of illicit financing of political parties §4. Bibliography
The study is framed in the existing conflict of interest in the self-regulation of the financing of political partisan activity, which needs capital and it imposes its conditions. In this context, a legal approach is proposed on transparency and public information regarding the financing of political parties, highlighting its technical possibilities and its political limitations.
§1. Introduction. The conflict of interest in self-regulation. §2. Material resources of political party activity. Collection and application §3. Transparency and public information on political party financing. Sense and scope §4. Technical possibilities and political limitations. Lights and shadows of patrimonial control in political activity §5. The historical-normative evolution in terms of political financing in Argentina. §6. Conclusions. §7. Bibliography.
Ríos, L. D. (2022). “La transparencia del sistema de financiamiento de los partidos políticos en Argentina”. Jornadas internacionales: Responsabilidad social y transparencia. Una lectura desde el Derecho internacional privado (1° ed., pág. 165 a 195). Alicante, España: Editorial Aranzadi.
Find this lecture at conferences.
This essay on ecosystems as collective legal assets is part of the inquiry into the foundations of penal and administrative offenses based on the idea of abuse of rights. The own collective legal right is defined, the notion of environment is replaced by that of ecosystem and again the issue of accumulation in repressive legal imputation systems is addressed.
§1. Introduction. §2. Concept and characteristics of the own collective legal asset. §3. Ecosystems as their own collective legal assets. Construction techniques §4. The complexity of the criminal protection of ecosystems and the versatility of the notion of cumulative crime. §5. Abuse (of law) on ecosystems and cumulative crime as atypical crime. §6. Conclusions. §7. Bibliography.
This doctrinal article selects, orders and makes explicit a series of gender concepts, probably the most widely used, arising mainly in the field of (critical) sociology, and then translating them into the General Theory of Law with the purpose of making them affordable in legal work and, at the same time, exhibit their ability to perform in the field of Law.
§1. Introduction. §2. Minimal methodological terminology. §3. axiomatic concepts of gender. §4. Programmatic concepts of gender. §5. Methodological concepts of gender. §6. Gender operational concepts. §7. The gender issue as a legal doctrine of the principle of equality and deepening guarantee of citizenship.
Ríos, L. D. (16 de septiembre de 2021). «Conceptos (de género) para juristas.». (W. Kluwer, Ed.) Diario La Ley(9914).
[DOWNLOAD CITE: BIB | RIS | XML]
Ríos, L. D. (16 de noviembre de 2021). «Conceptos (de género) para juristas.». Revista de Derecho Público. La Reforma del Poder Judicial II, II(2021 – 2), 229 a 249.
In a preparatory learning of the crimes and electoral misdemeanors related to the phenomenon of illicit financing of «political parties», a generic review of the Special Part of the current Argentine Criminal Code is essential, in relation to the different typical figures that can relate to their persecution and repression. In the same way, a comprehensive analysis of the «repressive electoral legal system» in the Argentine legal system requires the corresponding survey in comparative law referring to criminal classifications on the financing of political-party activity, selecting those legal systems whose legal culture – policy is close to ours and, at the same time, they have opted to use punitive incrimination in addressing the problem. These elementary studies appear as previous and essential for the design of an adequate and substantially more ambitious theoretical scheme on the object of study, which has the instrumental help of a glossary of systemic, legal and political terminology, forged in the heat of the own research. The exhibition of the two preliminary studies, assisted by a glossary that operates as a corpus or conceptual sequence of the developing theory, integrates this thesis.
§ 1. Introduction.§ 2. The relative atypicality of crimes of illicit financing of political parties. Analysis of bankruptcy relations. § 2.1. Crimes against public administration. §2.2. Crimes against property. § 23. Crimes against the economic and financial order. § 2.4 Offenses against the fiscal order. § 2.5. Crimes against public faith. § 2.6 Crimes against public order. § 2.7 Conclusion. § 3. Comparative study of the typifications of the crime of illicit financing of political parties. § 3.1. Spain. § 3.2. France. § 3.3. Italy. § 3.4. Germany. § 3.5. Chile. § 3.6. Guatemala. § 3.7. Colombia. § 3.8. Costa Rica. § 3.9. Mexico. § 3.10. Conclusion. § 4. Glossary. § 5. Bibliography.
Read the thesis Ríos, L. D. , «Estudios propedéuticos sobre el delito de financiamiento ilícito de los partidos políticos.»
This is a study on the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States ordered according to the legal-political paradigms in which the normative conceptions of liberal democracy are threaded, from Watergate to the present, in relation to the regulation/ deregulation of the financing of political parties.
§ I. Clarification by way of introduction. § II. «Normative conceptions of (liberal) democracy»: «regulatory-reformer paradigm» versus «liberalizing-criminalizing paradigm». § III. Possibility and convenience to regulate (repressively) the illicit financing of political parties. § IV. Comparative synthetic scheme of normative conceptions of (liberal) democracy.
Read the article Ríos, L. D. , «Las concepciones normativas de democracia y la regulación represiva del financiamiento ilícito de los partidos políticos»
This essay addresses a classic ethical issue in Electoral Law, offering an innovative and coherent legal foundation about the constitutional obligation of the fundamental right of suffrage (active), which can be integrated with the political philosophical reasons related to the epistemic quality of liberal democracy. . To do this, the concept of State – nation that has been the foundation of the positions that consider (active) suffrage as a duty, function or burden is denounced and dismantled, demonstrating that it is only a fundamental right which in turn can be exercised abusively (atypical illicit) and to that extent its enforceability can be established.
§ 1. Introduction. § 2. The previous need to dismantle the problematic concept of State-nation. § 3. Suffrage as a right. § 4. Suffrage as a duty or function. § 5. The compulsory nature of suffrage as a necessity. § 6. Abstention in the exercise of the fundamental right of (active) suffrage, as an atypical illicit expressly regulated in the Constitution and in the law. § 7. Bibliography.
See the publication Revista de Derecho Público – Poder Ejecutivo – II
This article is constituted with a series of personal reflections regarding the reform of the Law on the financing of political parties through Law 27,504 under the general hypothesis that, through procedural means, an authentic judicial jurisdiction for political criminality or electoral criminality is consecrated. . A comparison is also outlined on the alternative way of materially typifying the crime of illicit financing of political parties, as proposed in my doctoral thesis: Repressive electoral legal system.
§I. Introduction. §II. Political Criminality: the problem of illicit financing of political parties. §III. Diagnosis: “relative atypicality thesis”. §IV. The conjunctural reaction of Law 27,504: Procedural rule of attraction. §V. Forecast. §VI. Bibliography.
Ríos, L. D. (noviembre de 2020). «¿Hacia la creación del fuero penal electoral? Diagnóstico y pronóstico sobre aspectos represivos de la ley de financiamiento de los partidos políticos.». Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología(10), 192 a 208. Ed. Thomson Reuters LA LEY
This essay on Cumulative Crimes are the first conclusions of my research still in progress on the criminal offense, which I arrived at regarding the investigation of problems of Legal Ecology and Criminal Law. The concrete contribution consists in exhibiting the instability of the very concept of Cumulative Crime and in schematizing the way in which the discussion about its legitimacy is stuck and out of date.
§1. Concept. §1.1 Doctrinal discussion. §2. Criticisms and replies on the category of cumulative crime. §2.1 Critical: the violation of fundamental guarantee principles. §2.2. Replies and argumentative lines of legitimation of the Cumulative Crimes. §2.2.1. Sociological argument. §2.2.2. Arguments of moral philosophy. §2.2.3. Argument on the cumulative logic and general preventive theories of punishment. §2.2.4. Structural arguments at the application level. §3 Conclusions. §4 Bibliography.
Read the conference proceedings of the X Encuentro de la Asociación Argentina de Profesores de Derecho Penal.
This chapter assigned in a collective work is directed especially to undergraduate students and has a descriptive and schematic tone related to issues related to Punishment as an instance of analysis in the Theory of criminal sanctions, with exclusively pedagogical pretensions.
§1. The punishability. Concept and nature. §1.1 Punishability as an autonomous category. §1.2 Broad theses. §1.3 Restricted theses. §1.4 Critical theses: Jakobs’ position. §2. Operational conditions of coercion. Conditions of a procedural nature and conditions of a criminal nature. §3. The objective conditions of punishability. §3.1 Classification. 3.2 Classification of the German doctrine: proper and improper objective conditions of punishability. §3.2.1 Own punishability conditions. §3.2.2 Improper objective conditions of punishability. §3.3 Classification of the Italian doctrine: extrinsic and intrinsic punishability conditions. §3.3.1 Extrinsic punishability conditions. §3.3.2 Intrinsic punishability conditions. §3.4 Consequences of its systematic location. §3.5 In the error on the punishability. §3.6 In participation. §3.7 Regarding the time and place of commission of the crime. §3.8 In legitimate defense and the Principle of legality. §4. Absolute excuses. §4.1 Classification. §4.2 Distinction with the objective conditions of punishability. §5. Exercise of criminal procedural action. §5.1 Classes. §5.2 Public action. §5.3 Public action dependent on private instance. §5.4 Private Action. §6. Termination of criminal action. §6.1 Death of the accused. §6.2 Amnesty. §6.3 Waiver of the aggrieved in crimes of private action. §6.4 Oblation of the fine. §6.5 Prescription of the action. §6.5.1 Causes for suspension of prescription. §6.5.2 Reasons for interruption of prescription. §7. The suspension of the Probation. §8. Consideration of the pardon as an extinctive factor of the criminal procedural action. § 9. Bibliography.
This brief and initial article focuses on the concept of Person and its relevance in the criminal imputation system, outlining the possible articulations with the general notions of society, norm, guilt and punishment. This approach is attempted on the dialogue between the functional – systemic and critical perspectives of Law. The proposal of a capital concept such as Person, already shows the interest in working on capital issues of legal theory.
§1. Introduction – Preliminary Considerations. §2. Communication – Social Construction of the Person. §3. Rule. §4. Guilt and Grief. §5. Exclusion. §6. Corollary.
Ríos, L. D. (2006). «Persona en derecho penal. Esbozo desde la perspectiva funcional – sistémica». En AAVV, Jurisprudencia de Entre Ríos y de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (1º ed., Vol. 117, pág. 27 a 34). Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina: Delta Editora S.R.L.
This study paper contains early ideas on the meaning and scope of the concept of risk in the criminal imputation system, emphasizing its normative-axiological texture, its dynamic configuration and putting it in relation to the concepts of objective type, subjective type, competence, role , omission and inappropriate attempt.
Introduction §A. Concept of risk and its permissions. §B. Systematic location. §C. The risk and the roles. §D. The risk and the subjective type – its relevance in intentional crimes. §E. The risk and the omission. §F. The risk in the inappropriate attempt. §G. Conclusions.
The glossary defines the relevant concepts usually used in my research
Warnings:
- The first purpose of the glossary is to collect and organize the conceptual corpus used.
- The second purpose of the glossary is to avoid or mitigate the fractal character that legal technical language usually suffers from, especially at the time of its use.
- The third purpose of the glossary is to enable and facilitate the debate, within legal theories and with the rest of scientific knowledge.
- The glossary constitutes a tool for observation, reflection and reasoning of the theoretical contents reported.
- The glossary should not be memorized as rigid and definitive definitions and, even less, uncritically replicated.
- Its composition includes definitions of general terminology of legal methodology, of systemic inspiration.
- The development of the glossary is permanent and its preparation is from the one that closes the work of Niklas Luhmann «Ökologische Kommunikation» (1985).
- The terms highlighted in black are defined by the glossary itself.